Study on the inverse problem of diffuse optical tomography based on improved stacked auto-encoder / 生物医学工程学杂志

The inverse problem of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is ill-posed. Traditional method cannot achieve high imaging accuracy and the calculation process is time-consuming, which restricts the clinical application of DOT. Therefore, a method based on stacked auto-encoder (SAE) was proposed and used for the DOT inverse problem. Firstly, a traditional SAE method is used to solved the inverse problem. Then, the output structure of SAE neural network is improved to a single output SAE, which reduce the burden on the neural network. Finally, the improved SAE method is used to compare with traditional SAE method and traditional levenberg-marquardt (LM) iterative method. The result shows that the average time to solve the inverse problem of the method proposed in this paper is only 1.67% of the LM method. The mean square error (MSE) value is 46.21% lower than the traditional iterative method, 61.53% lower than the traditional SAE method, and the image correlation coefficient(ICC) value is 4.03% higher than the traditional iterative method, 18.7% higher than the traditional SAE method and has good noise immunity under 3% noise conditions. The research results in this article prove that the improved SAE method has higher image quality and noise resistance than the traditional SAE method, and at the same time has a faster calculation speed than the traditional iterative method, which is conducive to the application of neural networks in DOT inverse problem calculation.

A Method for Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography Based on Lattice Boltzmann Forward Model on GPU Parallelization / 中国医疗器械杂志

Fluorescent Diffuse Optical Tomography (FDOT) is an emerging imaging method with great prospects in fields of biology and medicine. However, the current solutions to the forward problem in FDOT are time consuming, which greatly limit the application. We proposed a method for FDOT based on Lattice Boltzmann forward model on GPU to greatly improve the computational efficiency. The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was used to construct the optical transmission model. This method separated the LBM into collision, streaming and boundary processing processes on GPUs to perform the LBM efficiently, which were local computational and inefficient on CPU. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified by the numerical phantom and the physical phantom experiments. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved the best performance of a 118-fold speed up under the precondition of simulation accuracy, comparing to the diffusion equation implemented by Finite Element Method (FEM) on CPU. Thus, the LBM on the GPU may efficiently solve the forward problem in FDOT.

A Fluorescence Diffusion Optical Tomography System Based on Lattice Boltzmann Forward Model / 中国医疗器械杂志

Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography (FDOT) is significant for biomedical applications, such as medical diagnostics, drug research. The fluorescence probe distribution in biological tissues can be quantitatively and non-invasively obtained via FDOT, achieving targets positioning and detection. In order to reduce the cost of FDOT, this study designs a FDOT system based on Lattice Boltzmann forward model. The system is used to realize two functions of light propagation simulation and FDOT reconstruction, and is composed of a parameter module, an algorithm module, a result display module and a data interaction module. In order to verify the effectiveness of the platform, this study carries out the light propagation simulation experiment and the FDOT reconstruction experiment, respectively comparing the Monte Carlo (MC) light propagation simulation results and the real position of the light source to be reconstructed. Experiments show that the proposed FDOT system has good reliability and has a high promotion value.

Classic homocystinuria and keratoconus: a case report / Homocistinúria clássica e ceratocone: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Homocystinuria is one of a group of genetic disorders called inborn errors of metabolism. It is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme that converts homocysteine to cystathionine. Keratoconus is an ophthalmologic condition characterized by thinning of the corneal stroma, which causes the cornea to assume a conical shape. There is little information in the scientific literature about the association between keratoconus and homocystinuria. We believe that a collagen cross-linking defect may be the key to understand the connection between these two conditions. This case report describes a 38-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of classical homocystinuria since age 13. At the age of 16, he received a diagnosis of asymmetrical keratoconus when referred for lensectomy with vitrectomy of his left eye. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with simultaneous homocystinuria and keratoconus.

RESUMO Homocistinúria é parte de um grupo de doenças genéticas chamado erros inatos do metabolismo. É caracterizada por uma deficiência da enzima que converte a homocisteína em cistationina. O ceratocone é uma patologia oftalmológica caracterizada pelo afinamento do estroma corneano, o que faz com que a córnea assuma um formato cônico. Há pouca informação na literatura científica sobre a associação entre ceratocone e homocistinúria. Acreditamos que um defeito no cross-linking do colágeno possa ser a chave para entender a conexão entre estas duas condições. Este relato de caso descreve um paciente masculino de 38 anos com diagnóstico de homocistinúria clássica desde os 13 anos. Aos 16 anos, recebeu o diagnóstico de ceratocone assimétrico quando foi encaminhado para lensectomia com vitrectomia do olho esquerdo. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato de um paciente com homocistinúria e ceratocone simultâneos.

Tamaño del nervio óptico detectado por tomografía coherencia óptica en pacientes sanos atendidos en un centro oftalmológico del Paraguay / Size of the optic nerve detected by optic coherencetomography in healthy patients in an ophthalmologicalcenter of Paraguay

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el tamaño del disco óptico por tomografía de coherencia óptica (TCO), en una población mayor de 40 años, que asistió a control rutinario oftalmológico desde noviembre el 2015 a febrero del 2016 y que no tenían antecedentes conocidos de glaucoma ni de enfermedades sistémicas. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 52 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa de oftalmología de la Fundación Visión, por un examen de rutina. Se le diligenció una historia clínica completa, donde se indagaron los antecedentes patológicos tanto sistémicos como oculares. Se realizó la toma de la agudeza visual utilizando la cartilla de Snellen en cada ojo por separado a 6 metros del paciente, refracción automatizada, prueba refractiva, biomicroscopía en lámpara de hendidura con énfasis en la profundidad de la cámara anterior. Se excluyeron pacientes con cámaras anteriores pandas o estrechas (utilización de gonioscopio mirrow 4 mini) y presión intraocular elevada. Luego de la instilación de Tropicamida 0,5%/Fenilefrina HCL 5% en cada ojo y evaluación del polo posterior en lámpara de hendidura con lente de 90D Superfield, se realizó la Tomografía de coherencia óptica con el equipo The ZEISS Cirrus(tm) HD-TCO Model 4000 (Cirrus HD-TCO).

The objective of this study was to determine the size of the optic nerve by opticalcoherence tomography (TCO) in a population older than 40 years old who attendedroutine ophthalmological control from November 2015 to February 2016 and did not haveknown records of glaucoma or systemic. Fifty two patients were included in the study whoatended the external consulting room of ophthalmology of the Foundation Vision for aroutine control. A full medical history was completed, where the systemic and ocularpathologic records were investigated. Visual acuity test was performed using Snellen chartin each patient separately at 6 meters from the patinet. Automatic refraction, retractiontest, slit lamp biomicroscopy with emphasis in the anterior chamber depth were alsoperformed. Patients with narrow or panda anterior chambers (using the mini 4 mirrorgonioscope and high intraocular pressure were excluded. After instillation of tropicamide0.5%/phenylephrine HCL 5% in each eye and evaluation of the posterior pole in slit lampwith 90D Superfield lens, the optic coherence tomography was made using a ZEISSCirrus™ HD-TCO Model 4000 (Cirrus HD-TCO).

Correlation between Ultrasound-guided Diffuse Optical Tomography and Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1Α of Breast Cancer / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the correlation between ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (US-DOT) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1Α (HIF-1Α) of breast cancer. Methods Totally 69 patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer underwent preoperative conventional breast ultrasonography examinations and US-DOT at Peking Union Medical College Hospital From October 2007 to February 2010 were enrolled in this study.After surgery,immunohistochemical staining of HIF-1Α and CD34 were performed,and the differences of total hemoglobin concentration (THC) and microvessel density (MVD) between HIF-1Α positive and negative groups were analyzed. Results HIF-1Α was positive in 12 cases (17.4%) and negative in 57 cases (82.6%). The average THC and MVD of HIF-1Α-positive cases were (274.763±77.661) Μmol/L and (33.8±10.8)/0.2 mm(2) respectively. The average THC and MVD of HIF-1Α-negative cases were (228.059±65.760)Μmol/L and (28.4±7.4)/0.2 mm(2). MVD(t=2.049,P=0.04) and THC(t=2.167,P=0.034) of HIF-1Α-positive group were significantly higher than those of HIF-1Α-negative group. Conclusions HIF-1Α can promote tumor angiogenesis and thus increase the blood supply and THC. As an indicator of tumor blood supply,THC can indirectly reflect the angiogenic activity of breast cancer.

Microperimetría en la cirugía del agujero macular idiopático / Microperimetry in the idiopathic macular hole surgery

Objetivo: demostrar la utilidad de la microperimetría pre y posoperatoria en operados de agujero macular idiopático entre 2010-2012, en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer. Métodos: en una investigación longitudinal-prospectiva de 17 operados de agujero macular, se estudiaron la agudeza visual corregida y la microperimetría preoperatoria y posoperatoria. Se estableció como mejoría de la agudeza visual corregida si mejoraban dos líneas o más y como mejoría de la microperimetría si cumplían al menos dos de los parámetros: desaparición de escotoma absoluto, desaparición de escotoma relativo y mejoría de la sensibilidad retineana. Se efectuó el examen oftalmológico y la tomografía óptica coherente pre y posoperatorios, en los que se precisó la presencia y el cierre del agujero. Resultados: en la microperimetría preoperatoria presentaban escotoma absoluto el 64,71 por ciento, y escotoma relativo el 94,12 por ciento; la sensibilidad retiniana media fue de 8,40 ± 4,39 y la fijación era estable en el 81,82 por ciento de los pacientes. La sensibilidad retineana media preoperatoria presentó significación estadística respecto a la mejoría de la agudeza visual (p= 0,012). De los pacientes con cierre del agujero (64,71 por ciento), el 72,73 por ciento mejoró la agudeza visual (p= 0,006), y el 54,55 por ciento mejoró la microperimetría (p= 0,002). Se encontró significación estadística entre el cierre del agujero macular y la mejoría de la agudeza visual corregida (p= 0,009) y entre el cierre y la mejoría de la microperimetría (p= 0,043). Conclusiones: la sensibilidad retineana preoperatoria puede constituir un factor predictivo para la recuperación funcional del agujero macular. La recuperación de la agudeza visual tras el cierre del agujero conlleva la mejoría de la microperimetría. Esta última constituye un punto de apoyo para continuar la recuperación funcional(AU)

Objetive: to demonstrate utility of microperimetry to the surgery of idiopathic macular hole, among 2010-2012, in the "Ramón Pando Ferrer" Cuban Ophthalmology Institute. Methods: a longitudinal-prospective study of 17 patients who underwent surgery for idiopathic macular hole was carried out. The corrected visual acuity and microperimetry were studied before and after the surgery. If patient improved 2 lines or more of corrected visual acuity and if they having 2 of the items: disappearance of absolute scotoma, disappearance of scotoma relative, improvement of retinal sensitivity; were established improvement of them. Oftalmology exam and optic coherent tomography were studied before and after surgery, specifying the presence and close of the hole. Results: 64,71 percent of patients presented absolute scotoma and 94,12 percent of them had relative scotoma. The mean retinal sensitivity was 8,40 ± 4,39 and fixation was stable in 81,82 percent of them. Better preoperative mean retinal sensitivity showed statistical significance to best corrected visual acuity (p= 0,012). 72,73 percent of patients with close surgical of the hole (64,71 percent) improved corrected visual acuity (p= 0,006), and 54,55 percent of them improved the microperimetry (p= 0,002). The anatomical closing of hole showed statistical significance for the improvement of corrected visual acuity (p=0,009) and for the improvement of microperimetry (p= 0,043). Conclusions: the preoperative retinal sensitivity can predict the functional recovery of the macular hole. After close of the hole, the recovery of visual acuity can precede to improvement of microperimetry. Microperimetry can constitute a support point to continue the functional recovery(AU)

Aspectos da tomografia de coerência óptica em cães com retinopatia / Aspects of optical coherence tomography in retinopathy in dogs

A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é um exame não invasivo e de não contato que permite avaliar a retina e o nervo óptico. As imagens da OCT fornecem informações da constituição da retina e sua integridade estrutural in vivo, gerando imagens de alta resolução, que se assemelham à microscopia óptica. Objetivou-se descrever a técnica de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e sua utilização em cães. Foi possível diferenciar claramente as camadas retinianas de cães hígidos e compará-las com as de cães portadores de atrofia progressiva de retina, que apresentaram perda da estratificação e diminuição significativa das camadas. No descolamento de retina (DR) foi possível observar a separação entre a retina neurossensorial e o epitélio pigmentário da retina (EPR), além da presença de exsudatos intrarretinianos. Assim, a OCT mostrou-se eficaz no diagnóstico de retinopatias.

The OCT is a noninvasive and noncontact exam capable to evaluate the retina and optic nerve. The OCT images provide information of the constitution of the retina and its structural integrity in vivo, providing high-resolution images that resemble optical microscopy. The objective of this paper was to describe and document the use of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) in dogs. It was possible differentiate the retinal layers of healthy dogs and compare them with dogs with progressive retinal atrophy which showed altered stratification and significant reduce of the layers. In cases of retinal detachment was observed separation of neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium, and the presence of intrarretinal exudates. Thus, the OCT was effective in the diagnosis of retinopathy.

Estimation of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation after Myopic Corneal Refractive Surgery: Using Corneal Height in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of estimating effective lens position (ELP) and calculating intraocular lens power using corneal height (CH), as measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), in patients who have undergone corneal refractive surgery. METHODS: This study included 23 patients (30 eyes) who have undergone myopic corneal refractive surgery and subsequent successful cataract surgery. The CH was measured with AS-OCT, and the measured ELP (ELP(m)) was calculated. Intraocular lens power, which could achieve actual emmetropia (P(real)), was determined with medical records. Estimated ELP (ELP(est)) was back-calculated using P(real), axial length, and keratometric value through the SRK/T formula. After searching the best-fit regression formula between ELP(m) and ELP(est), converted ELP and intraocular lens power (ELP(conv), P(conv)) were obtained and then compared to ELP(est) and P(real), respectively. The proportion of eyes within a defined error was investigated. RESULTS: Mean CH, ELP(est), and ELP(m) were 3.71 +/- 0.23, 7.74 +/- 1.09, 5.78 +/- 0.26 mm, respectively. The ELP(m) and ELP(est) were linearly correlated (ELP(est) = 1.841 x ELP(m) - 2.018, p = 0.023, R = 0.410) and ELP(conv) and P(conv) agreed well with ELP(est) and P(real), respectively. Eyes within +/-0.5, +/-1.0, +/-1.5, and +/-2.0 diopters of the calculated P(conv), were 23.3%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular lens power calculation using CH measured with AS-OCT shows comparable accuracy to several conventional methods in eyes following corneal refractive surgery.

Estimation of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation after Myopic Corneal Refractive Surgery: Using Corneal Height in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of estimating effective lens position (ELP) and calculating intraocular lens power using corneal height (CH), as measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), in patients who have undergone corneal refractive surgery. METHODS: This study included 23 patients (30 eyes) who have undergone myopic corneal refractive surgery and subsequent successful cataract surgery. The CH was measured with AS-OCT, and the measured ELP (ELP(m)) was calculated. Intraocular lens power, which could achieve actual emmetropia (P(real)), was determined with medical records. Estimated ELP (ELP(est)) was back-calculated using P(real), axial length, and keratometric value through the SRK/T formula. After searching the best-fit regression formula between ELP(m) and ELP(est), converted ELP and intraocular lens power (ELP(conv), P(conv)) were obtained and then compared to ELP(est) and P(real), respectively. The proportion of eyes within a defined error was investigated. RESULTS: Mean CH, ELP(est), and ELP(m) were 3.71 +/- 0.23, 7.74 +/- 1.09, 5.78 +/- 0.26 mm, respectively. The ELP(m) and ELP(est) were linearly correlated (ELP(est) = 1.841 x ELP(m) - 2.018, p = 0.023, R = 0.410) and ELP(conv) and P(conv) agreed well with ELP(est) and P(real), respectively. Eyes within +/-0.5, +/-1.0, +/-1.5, and +/-2.0 diopters of the calculated P(conv), were 23.3%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular lens power calculation using CH measured with AS-OCT shows comparable accuracy to several conventional methods in eyes following corneal refractive surgery.

Serum Concentration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor after Bilateral Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab

PURPOSE: This study compared serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration between patients given the bilateral and unilateral intravitreal injections of bevacizumab. METHODS: In a prospective manner, serum VEGF levels in treatment-naive patients with age-related macular degeneration who underwent bilateral or unilateral intravitreal injections of bevacizumab were investigated. After informed consent, peripheral blood was collected from in patients who underwent bilateral or unilateral intravitreal injection of bevacizumab before and 1 month after the injection. Serum VEGF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after centrifugation. In addition, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and 1 month after the injection were compared between each group. RESULTS: Twenty patients received bilateral injections (40 eyes) and 20 patients received unilateral injections. The VEGF concentrations (pg/mL) before the bilateral injection were 235.75 +/- 183.16 and 252.53 +/- 233.52 for the unilateral injection. They were significantly reduced to 153.88 +/- 113.26 and 189.42 +/- 251.72 after 1 month, respectively (p = 0.037 and 0.019), which are showing no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.771). And there were no significant intergroup difference in pre- and postoperative BCVA and CRT. CONCLUSIONS: The bilateral simultaneous intravitreal injection of bevacizumab did not differ greatly from unilateral intravitreal injection in the influence on serum VEGF levels and the therapeutic outcome.

Serum Concentration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor after Bilateral Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab

PURPOSE: This study compared serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration between patients given the bilateral and unilateral intravitreal injections of bevacizumab. METHODS: In a prospective manner, serum VEGF levels in treatment-naive patients with age-related macular degeneration who underwent bilateral or unilateral intravitreal injections of bevacizumab were investigated. After informed consent, peripheral blood was collected from in patients who underwent bilateral or unilateral intravitreal injection of bevacizumab before and 1 month after the injection. Serum VEGF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after centrifugation. In addition, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and 1 month after the injection were compared between each group. RESULTS: Twenty patients received bilateral injections (40 eyes) and 20 patients received unilateral injections. The VEGF concentrations (pg/mL) before the bilateral injection were 235.75 +/- 183.16 and 252.53 +/- 233.52 for the unilateral injection. They were significantly reduced to 153.88 +/- 113.26 and 189.42 +/- 251.72 after 1 month, respectively (p = 0.037 and 0.019), which are showing no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.771). And there were no significant intergroup difference in pre- and postoperative BCVA and CRT. CONCLUSIONS: The bilateral simultaneous intravitreal injection of bevacizumab did not differ greatly from unilateral intravitreal injection in the influence on serum VEGF levels and the therapeutic outcome.

Relación estructura función en la detección de daño retinal por cloroquina / Relation of structure and function in detecting the retinal damage due to chloroquine

Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de la microperimetría y la tomografía óptica coherente en la detección de daño retinal subclínico por cloroquina. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional y analítico en pacientes consumidores de cloroquina, atendidos en la consulta de Neuroftalmología del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, entre septiembre 2010 y octubre 2011. Fueron incluidos 44 ojos. Se realizaron exámenes para evaluar función (psicofísica visual y microperimetría) y estructura (biomicroscopia y tomografía óptica coherente). Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 43 años con una dosis acumulada de cloroquina de 182 g y un tiempo de consumo inferior a cinco años. Existió relación significativa entre la dosis acumulada y las variables siguientes: visión del color (-0,495; p= 0,001), grosor retinal peripapilar temporal (-0,353; p= 0,019) e inferior (-0,336; p= 0,026), macular central (-0,652; p= 0,000) y sensibilidad retinal por microperimetría (-0,436; p= 0,003) con alteraciones funcionales y estructurales en relación con el incremento de la dosis acumulada. Conclusiones: se demostró que es posible detectar daño retinal funcional temprano mediante microperimetría y tomografía óptica coherente en pacientes consumidores de cloroquina, en presencia de otros estudios funcionales y biomicroscopia normales. Unido a la tomografía óptica coherente el microperímetro puede constituir una útil herramienta para pesquisa de toxicidad retiniana

Objective: to determine the usefulness of microperimetry and of the optical coherence tomography in the detection of subclinical retinal damage due to chloroquine. Methods: prospective, observational and analytical study in patients taking chloroquine, who were seen at the Neuro-ophthalmology service of "Ramón Pando Ferrer" Institute of Ophthalmology from September 2010 through October 2011. Forty four eyes were included. Tests were performed to assess function (visual psychophysics and microperimetry) and structure (biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography). Results: mean age was 43 years with a cumulative dose of 182 g and less than 5 years taking this drug. There was significant correlation between the cumulative dose of chloroquine and the following variables: color vision (-0.495, p = 0.001), temporal peripapillary retinal thickness (-0.353, p= 0.019) and lower (-0.336, p = 0.026), central macular (-0.652, p = 0.000) and retinal sensitivity by microperimetry (-0.436, p= 0.003) with functional and structural changes related to the increase in cumulative dose. Conclusions: it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect early functional retinal damage by using microperimetry and optical coherence tomography in patients taking chloroquine, despite normal results of other functional studies and of biomicroscopy. The combination of microperimetry and optical coherence tomography may be a useful screening tool for retinal toxicity

Research on optimization of imaging system of the hand vein optical properties / 生物医学工程学杂志

Due to the difficulties of the copying, vein identification has developed rapidly in recent years. The light source selection directly affects the image quality. This paper acquired by experiment the reflectivities of vein and non-vein irradiation with different wavelengths of near infra-red. Comparing the strength of reflectivities of various wave lengths, we found that there were the strongest contrasts between vein and non-vein in the 810 nm, and 810 nm near infra-red was suitable to a vein imaging light source. Finally, clear hand vein images were obtained with the selected light source.

systematic review of the effects of diffuse optical imaging in breast diseases

Optical mammography is a new diagnostic method that uses Near infrared for detection of functional abnormalities and shows tissue activities by measuring absorption and scattering of Near-infrared light. This study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this technology. Cochrane Library [Issue 10, 2012] and Medline [Nov 2012] were searched using free text and Mesh. Studies that compared optical mammography with other diagnostic methods and used outcomes such as sensitivity, specificity and safety were included. Twelve studies were included in this review. A multicenter RCT showed that among 875 biopsied lesions, suspicion index led to 97% sensitivity, 14% specificity, 95% negative predictive value and 24% positive predictive value. In terms of oxygenation index, the included studies found that the process should be used with various wavelengths compared to single wavelength technique [690, 750, 788, 856 nm or 683, 912, 975 nm]. In terms of sensitivity and specificity, Diffuse Optical Tomography Computer Aided Detection is capable of distinguishing healthy tissues from malignant ones with 89% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Also, this technology could show increased blood flow around the tumor tissue compared to the healthy tissue effectively. Included studies did not report any information about the effects of technology on changing the treatment process or the final health outcomes. Optical mammography is a safe, noninvasive, non-ionized diagnostic technology that can be used as a diagnostic supplement alongside conventional mammography for differentiating benign and malignant tumors. Women with higher breast density should be screened at younger ages and with more persistence than those who have lower densities

Cambios morfológicos de la mácula por tomografía de coherencia óptica en pacientes operados de cirugía extracapsular de catarata en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Nacional Luis N. Sáenz - PNP, en el periodo de Julio 2012 a Marzo 2013 / Morphological changes of the macula by optical coherence tomography in patients operated of extracapsular cataract surgery in the Ophthalmology Service at the National Hospital Luis N. Saenz - PNP, in the period July 2012 to March 2013

Objetivo: Conocer los cambios morfológicos de la macula por tomografía de coherencia óptica en pacientes operados de cirugía extracapsular de catarata en el HN Luis N. Sáenz PNP en el periodo comprendido de Julio 2012 a marzo 2013. Métodos: Se realizaron medidas del espesor macular central o espesor foveal (EF), volumen macular total (VMT) y promedio del espesor macular (PEM) con tomógrafo SD cirrus 4000, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía extracapsular de catarata antes de la cirugía y en el segundo mes postquirúrgico. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando SPSS 20.0 software. Resultados: Se incluyeron 33 ojos de 33 pacientes, de los cuales 16 fueron ojos derechos, 17 ojos izquierdos de 15 varones y 18 mujeres. Los valores medidos del EF, VMT y PEM de este grupo con Signal Strength por encima de 6, antes de la cirugía de catarata fueron 244.2±16.5 um, 9.4±0.6 mm3, 261.8±17.9 um. Al segundo mes de cirugía extracapsular de catarata fueron EF 263.3±35.1 um, VMT 10.0±0.8 mm3, PEM 277.7±21.9 um. Encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0.001) en el espesor macular central, volumen macular y en el promedio del espesor macular. Conclusiones: Encontramos cambios morfológicos de la macula por tomografía de coherencia óptica en pacientes operados de cirugía extracapsular de catarata.

Objective: To determine the morphological changes of the macula by optical coherence tomography in patients undergoing extra capsular cataract surgery in the National Hospital Luis N. Saenz-PNP in the period from July 2012 to March 2013. Methods: Measurements were performed of the central macular thickness, the foveal thickness (VF), total macular volume (VMT) and average macular thickness (PEM) with an SD scanner Cirrus 4000, in patients undergoing extra-capsular cataract surgery before surgery, and in the second postoperative month. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: We included 33 eyes of 33 patients, of whom 16 were right eyed, 17 left eyed of 15 men and 18 women. The measured values of EF, VMT and PEM in this group with signal strength above 6 before cataract surgery were 244.2±16.5 um, 9.4±0.6 mm3, 261.8±17.9 um. The second month after extra-capsular cataract surgery they were 263.3±35.1 um VF, VMT 10.0±0.8 mm3, 277.7±21.9 um PEM. We found statistically significant differences (P<0.001) in the central macular thickness, macular volume and average macular thickness. Conclusions: We found morphological changes of the macula by optical coherence tomography in patients undergoing extra-capsular cataract surgery.

Estudo das correlações entre a área do disco óptico e as características geométricas e biomecânicas da córnea / Study of correlation between optic disc size and corneal geometry and biomechanics

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar área do disco óptico com parâmetros geométricos e biomecânicos da córnea. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo nos arquivos de pacientes do Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrósio a fim de se identificar os pacientes que realizaram exames HRT (Heidelberg Retina Tomography), Pentacam e ORA. A retinografia digital foi revisada de modo a se classificar na escala DDLS (Disc Damage Likelihood Scale). RESULTADOS: 244 olhos de 122 pacientes (75 mulheres) foram incluídos no estudo. A média de idade foi de 47,2 anos (de 8 a 97 anos, desvio padrão de 21,7). Não houve correlação significante entre área do disco e nenhuma das medidas de PIO (IOPg, IOPcc). Encontrou-se uma relação negativa significativa com CRF (r=-0,1337, p=0,0263). A relação com histerese foi também negativa (-0,1123), mas o valor p foi maior que 0,05 (0,0625). Não houve correlação significante entre área do disco e progressão paquimétrica mínima ou média. Entretanto, observou-se correlação significante e positiva entre a área do disco e astigmatismo corneano (Delta K), sendo de 1,15 (p=0,0129). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma correlação negativa entre a área do disco óptico e os parâmetros biomecânicos e estruturais da córnea. Tal correlação pode ser parte da explicação da córnea ser um fator de risco para maior susceptibilidade do nervo óptico para neuropatia glaucomatosa.

PURPOSE: To correlate optic disc size geometry, corneal architecture and biomechanics. METHODS: Optic disc area and geometry was accessed by HRT III (Heidelberg Retina Tomography - Heidelberg eng), Pentacam (Oculus) was used for accessing IOP and corneal parameters and ORA (Ocular Response Analyze - Reichert) was utilized to access corneal biomechanical properties. Classification based DDLS (Disc Damage Likelihood Scale) scale from retinography was performed. Settings: Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrósio. RESULTS: 244 eyes of 122 patients (75 female) were included. The average age was 47,2 years (from 8 to 97 years). A significant negative correlation was found between disc optic size and CRF (r=0,1337, p=0,0263). A small trend was also found between optic nerve size and hysteresis (r=-0,1123, p=0,0625). A significant negative correlation was also found between disc optic size and thinnest point, maximal pachymetri progression, corneal volume at (1, 4 e 6mm) and difference from thinnest and central value (p<0,05). The highest negative correlation was with corneal volume within 4mm in diameter (r=-1,887; p=0,0017). A positive correlation between size of optic disc and cornea astigmatism (delta K), was found (r= 1,15; p=0,0129). CONCLUSION: There is a negative correlation between optic disc size and corneal thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings may help explaining susceptibility for the development of glaucoma neuropathy in some cases.

Eficacia del uso de ozonoterapia, magnetismo y electroestimulación en pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria y glaucoma / Effectiveness of the ozone therapy, magnetism and electrostimulation in patients with pigmentary retinosis and glaucoma

Se realizó un estudio de evaluación de la eficacia terapéutica en 21 pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria asociada a glaucoma, atendidos en la Clínica de Retinosis Pigmentaria de Santiago de Cuba desde mayo del 2008 hasta igual mes del 2009. Los valores de agudeza visual, campo visual y tomografía del nervio óptico permitieron medir la eficacia de los tratamientos con ozono, magnetismo y electroestimulación, al comparar los resultados de las cuantificaciones visuales obtenidos al mes con los efectuados antes de iniciar la terapéutica. Prevalecieron el glaucoma crónico de ángulo abierto y la retinosis típica de herencia autosómica recesiva, así como los procedimientos consistentes en trabeculectomía y cirugía revitalizadora temporal, respectivamente, con mejorías o estabilidad del cuadro clinico, confirmadas a través de las modificaciones en los parámetros luego de aplicada la triple terapia. Se produjeron cambios favorables en la mayoría de los integrantes de la casuística.

A study of evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness in 21 patients with pigmentary retinosis associated to glaucoma was carried out. They were assisted in the Pigmentary Retinosis Clinic of Santiago de Cuba from May, 2008 to May, 2009. The values of visual acuity, visual field and tomography of the optic nerve allowed to measure the effectiveness of the treatments with ozone, magnetism and electrostimulation, when comparing the results of the visual quantifications obtained within a month with those made before beginning the therapy. The chronic glaucoma of open angle and the typical retinosis of autosomal recessive inheritance prevailed, as well as procedures such as trabeculectomy and revitalizing temporary surgery, respectively, with improvements or stability of the clinical pattern, confirmed through the modifications in the parameters after having applied the triple therapy. Favorable changes took place in most of the members of the case material.

3D reconstruction based on sub-pixel points of structured light / 中国医疗器械杂志

In this paper, a method for detecting sub-pixel points based on zero-crossing detection combined with Steger's curvilinear detector has been presented. Finally, the feasibility and validity of this method has been confirmed by the experiment.